One of the main reasons for the low yield of biofertilizers in fish ponds is the use of INSOLUBLE mineral PHOSPHORUS sources (often tri-calcium phosphate) during the process of isolation and evaluation of PHOSPHORUS-releasing microorganisms. A large part of INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS (50 to 90%) in warm water fish ponds is INSOLUBLE organic PHOSPHORUS. Therefore, it seems PHOSPHORUS-releasing microorganisms isolated solely from mineral PHOSPHORUS sources can not be effective as biofertilizers in warm water fish ponds. The aim of this study was to isolate PHOSPHORUS-releasing bacteria from warm water fish ponds using NBRIP medium containing organic PHOSPHORUS source (calcium phytate) and compare their performance with bacteria derived from INSOLUBLE mineral PHOSPHORUS source (tri-calcium phosphate) in microcosm conditions (Erlenmeyer contains sediment: conditions similar to a fish pond). The PHOSPHORUS release ability of isolates (33 organic isolates and 19 inorganic isolates) was evaluated in NBRIP solid and liquid medium. The range of soluble PHOSPHORUS in the liquid medium containing calcium phytate varied between 57. 40-141. 93 and 108. 16-219. 49 mg/l in the medium containing tricalcium phosphate. In the final step, evaluation of isolates in sediment microcosm showed that three isolates from organic PHOSPHORUS source (3P, 13P, and 2P) were the best PHOSPHORUS release isolates (with 11. 86, 12. 53, and 28. 18 mg / l respectively) and had better performance compared to isolates from mineral PHOSPHORUS source. Molecular identification showed these isolates belonged to priestia aryabhattai, Bacillus zanthoxyli, and Acinetobacter johnsonii. Due to the pathogenic potential of A. johnsonii for fish and humans, the Bacillaceae family strains can be considered candidates for use in biofertilizers for further evaluation.

In order to investigate P acquisition efficiency (PACE) and P utilization efficiency (PUTE) of the corn in the presence of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs), a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse. The factors were including P sources (tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and rock phosphate (RP)) and microbial inoculation (control, soluble P as KH2PO4 (Ps), inoculation with bacteria (PSB), inoculation with fungi (PSF), co-inoculation of PSB + PSF). At the end of growth period, plant dry weight and P content in plant and soil available-P were measured and then PACE, PUTE and PHOSPHORUS efficiency (PE) indices were calculated. The results showed that, the interaction of phosphate source and microbial inoculation was significant with respect to shoot P content, soil P, PUTE and PE. PSF-TCP treatment increased 7 times shoot PHOSPHORUS content compared to cont-RP treatment. PUTE in Cont-TCP treatment was 2. 35 times higher than the TCP-PS. The inoculation of PSF increased the PACE 1. 61 times compared to co-inoculation of PSB + PSF tretment. Also, the highest PE index (99%) was obtained from SF-TCP treatment. In general, in calcareous soils with low P availability, inoculation of PSM with INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS sources can meet the phosphate needs of the plant...

PHOSPHORUS plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, serving as a vital nutrient that promotes the growth and enrichment of freshwater environments, particularly in warm-water fish ponds. It exists in various forms within aquatic systems, both soluble and INSOLUBLE. Cyanobacteria, a diverse group of oxygen-producing, photosynthetic prokaryotes, possess phosphatase activities that convert PHOSPHORUS into a soluble form. Thus, this study aimed to isolate, identify, and examine the PHOSPHORUS-dissolving capabilities of cyanobacteria found in fish culture ponds at a laboratory scale. The study evaluated the PHOSPHORUS dissolution efficiency of four cyanobacterial strains isolated from warm-water fish ponds: Chroococcus sp., Oscillatoria sp., Microcystis sp., and Gloeocapsa sp., using two PHOSPHORUS sources, tricalcium phosphate and calcium phytate, in both floating surface and biomass portions. The findings indicated that Microcystis sp. was particularly effective, dissolving 47.5 mg/liter of tricalcium phosphate and 67.3 mg/liter of calcium phytate in the floating portion. In the biomass, Gloeocapsa sp. demonstrated the highest efficiency in dissolving PHOSPHORUS from both tricalcium phosphate and calcium phytate, with concentrations of 35.5 mg/liter and 18.7 mg/liter, respectively. However, the study observed no significant difference in cyanobacterial growth under varying PHOSPHORUS concentrations and sources across the experimental groups. The research highlights that certain cyanobacteria isolated from fish culture ponds possess the capacity to dissolve PHOSPHORUS to a notable extent when provided with sufficient sources of INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS.

This research aims to isolate PHOSPHORUS-solubilizing fungi from the sediments of warm-water fish farms and evaluate their performance in PHOSPHORUS solubilizing from various INSOLUBLE sources of PHOSPHORUS (tricalcium phosphate, iron phosphate, aluminum phosphate, and calcium phytate). For this purpose, four stations in Mazandaran province were sampled and isolated using NBRIP solid culture medium (49 mushroom isolates, including 19 isolates from organic PHOSPHORUS-containing culture medium and 30 isolates from inorganic PHOSPHORUS-containing culture medium). Then, the ability of isolates to dissolve PHOSPHORUS in solid and liquid culture medium was evaluated. Among the isolates, isolates PS3D, PS3F, and PS5F had the best performance among isolates solubilizing organic PHOSPHORUS (average PHOSPHORUS release 179.85-191.08 mg/liter). TS4E isolate was also selected as the best inorganic PHOSPHORUS solubilizing isolate. Then these isolates were molecularly identified by S18 rDNA gene sequencing and were registered as Talaromyces austrocalifornicus (PS3D), Trichoderma harzianum (PS3F), Aspergillus niger (PS5F) and Penicillium oxalicum (TS4E). In the final stage, the ability of these isolates to dissolve PHOSPHORUS in microcosm conditions (water and sediment-containing jars) was evaluated for 15 days. Contrary to the performance of these fungi in a liquid culture medium, the amount of soluble PHOSPHORUS in microcosm conditions showed a decreasing trend compared to day zero. However, the amount of PHOSPHORUS in the treatments containing mushrooms was higher than the control group. In general, the performance of the fungi introduced in this study has been positive in PHOSPHORUS release.

Native phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated from four areas (Ankober, Keyt, Mehalmeda and Molale) of Ethiopia to study their effect on releases of soluble PHOSPHORUS from INSOLUBLE P sources. The highest bacterial number was found at Keyt (2.6×103 g-1soil) and the least at Molale (15 g-1soil). Five efficient PSB were selected for further study based on their ability in forming a higher clear zone diameter than the other isolates. These isolates were identified based on phenotypic characters as Pseudomonas sp. Anb-105, Meh-008, Meh-101, Meh-303 and Meh-305. The phosphate solubilizing efficiency of these five isolates along with Jim-41 isolate from the National Soil Research Centre were studied using different P sources [Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP), Egyptian Rock Phosphate (ERP), Bikilal Rock Phosphate (BRP) and Old Bone meal (OB)] in an incubation study. The results revealed that all the PSB isolates significantly (P£ 0.01) solubilized a higher amount of TCP, ERP and OB over the uninoculated control. The highest amount of solubilization was achieved for TCP with Meh-305 (39 mg per 50 ml) followed by ERP with Meh-101 (31 mg per 50ml) at pH 3.82 and 3, respectively. Although Meh-008 and Jim-41 isolates solubilized significant amount of BRP during the 20 days of incubation, the soluble P obtained was very small as compared to other P source tested.

Background and Objectives: The efficiency of PHOSPHORUS (P) chemical fertilizers in agriculture is relatively low (5-25%). This has led to more P fertilizers’ application which not only increases production costs but also threatens the environment. Therefore, it was necessary to introduce suitable alternatives to replace part of these fertilizers consumption. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria have been identified as a promising option to reduce P chemical fertilizers’ application due to their ability to solve INSOLUBLE P in soil environment. These bacteria can assimilate part of the solubilized P, known as the microbial biomass P. This mechanism allows natural ecosystems to be self-sustainable, without the application of phosphate fertilizers. Given the role of potent bacterial strains in dissolving INSOLUBLE phosphates and the importance of microbial biomass P in providing part of the plant needed P in the long term, this study was aimed to select efficient strains by quantitative measurement of dissolved P and microbial biomass P after inoculation of bacteria in sperber medium with different phosphate sources.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design format using two factors in three replications. The first factor was bacteria inoculation including strains: Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Tkd/4, Pantoea agglomerans Ggd/4 and Sphingobium yanoikuyae Rpd/4, all isolated from Giroud Shemshak Phosphate mine, Bacillus pumilus RPY isolated from Yazd Asfordi Phosphate mine, Pseudomonas putida Ps/14 prepared from Soil and Water Research Institute (isolated from maize farm soil) and blank (contains phosphate sources without bacteria inoculation) and the second factor was three phosphate sources: tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium phytate (CPhy) and phosphate main soil (PMS). The measured traits were included pH, EC, dissolved P and microbial biomass P. Total solubilized P from the phosphate source (sum of dissolved P and microbial biomass P), the ratio of dissolved P to microbial biomass P and biosorption percentage of P were calculated as well.Results: The effect of bacteria strain, posphate source and their interactions was significant on all measured traits (P ≤0.01). The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve phosphate was higher than other strains in all three phosphate sources. All strains absorbed more PHOSPHORUS from TCP than the other two phosphate sources. Microbial biomass P was higher in phosphate soil treatments inoculated with all strains except Tkd/4 strain than in CPhy treatments inoculated with those strains. The lowest pH (3) and the highest EC (1.53 dS m-1) were observed in the PMS and TCP treaments inoculated with Ps/14 strain, respectively.Conclusion: The studied strains had different effects on both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties from different P sources. The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve P from all three phosphate sources was higher than the other strains. The results revealed that the strain that has more potential in dissolving P from one source does not necessarily have the same potential in assimilating P from the same source. This can be attributed to the solubility nature of material and the solubilizing capability of the microorganisms. The results of this study also showed that the total solubilized P could be more strongly attributed to dissolved P rather than microbial biomass P. Overall, the results showed that the potent of some of the studied bacteria in both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties can be considered as a promising option in reducing the application of P fertilizers and increasing their effectiveness.

Objective Root structure modification is associated with the efficient water uptake and the nutrient utilization. It also provides structural support for the anchoring in soil. Genetic engineering for the improvement of plant root structure may help to maintain higher yields under drought conditions. The aim of this study was to modify the root structure of rice in order to improve drought tolerance and the efficiency of nutrient uptake. For this purpose, simultaneous transformation of Deeper Rooting1 or OsDRO1 gene, which is involved in the regulation of growth angle of the root in order to adapt to drought conditions, and PHOSPHORUS-Starvation Tolerance1 or OsPSTOL1 gene, which is effective in increasing PHOSPHORUS uptake and improving root structure, were considered for rice root structure modification. Materials and methods The OsDRO1 and OsPSTOL1 genes derived from the wild rice cultivars were cloned together in a single construct under the control of the root specific and the ubiquitin promoters, respectively. The resulting construct, pUhrDroPstol is transformed into the Agrobacterium tumefactions strain EHA105 and used for the gene transformation into Hashemi cultivar. Putative transgenic plants, survived on 50 mg/L Hygromycin during tissue culture steps, are transplanted into the Yoshida solution and then into the pots until they set seeds. Construct specific and gene specific PCR analysis are used to confirm the transgenic plants. Results In this study, 12 putative transgenic rice events were obtained, of which 10 showed the presence of both OsDRO1 and OsPSTOL1 genes in the PCR analysis. Transgenic plants show stronger root structure compared to the non-transgenic ones. Molecular analysis in the T1 and T2 generations determined the homozygous events. Conclusions In this study, two candidate genes affecting root structure, nutrient uptake and drought tolerance were transferred to the Hashemi rice using genetic engineering. So far, simultaneous transfer of these two candidate genes have not been reported. Transgenic plants present better root system compared to the control plants. The mentioned construct can be used for the transformation of other crops to improve their root structure, nutrient uptake and their drought tolerance. It is hoped that the production of the transgenic rice with modified root structure and efficient PHOSPHORUS uptake increases its drought tolerance and reduce water consumption in rice cultivation.

In lecithin production unit of Jahan Vegetable Oil Co. (JVOC), Karaj, Iran, studies are made for the lecithin produced by hexane extracted soybean oil, with the standard specification (except for hexane-INSOLUBLE (HI) materials), which is above 0.3% in crude lecithin. HI materials in lecithin are detrimental to clarity as it can cause haziness in fluid lecithin and usability in specific application. Analyses of crude oil before and after filtration indicated that filter plates do not effect lyre move of the impurities of residual fines, seed fragments and metal particles. Crude oil has more HI materials during degumming than before degumming. Analyses of oil and lecithin during processing steps showed increase in HI and toluene-INSOLUBLE (TI) materials where ever water was added. Degumming water contained about 360-1330 ppm salt (T.S), which contributed to the HI mateials. About 30- 38% of HI are salt and the rest are water-soluble most probably sugar. Salt free water and efficient filtration of oil, as tested in laboratory degumming process, decreased the HI matters in lecithin to below 0.3%.

PHOSPHORUS is one of the most important elements required by plants and it has many different roles, including energy production and transfer, increasing rooting, grain production and improving the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Unfortunately, more than 70% of the PHOSPHORUS entering the soil through phosphate fertilizers is stabilized and removed from the accessibility of plants. Therefore, PHOSPHORUS stabilization has caused the use of more chemical fertilizers and the amount of total PHOSPHORUS in the soil has increased and sometimes the entry of elements along with phosphate fertilizer may cause soil pollution. In order to increase the solubility of INSOLUBLE phosphates in the soil or to prevent PHOSPHORUS stabilization, environmentally friendly phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae can be employed. These microorganisms are able to convert INSOLUBLE inorganic and organic compounds of PHOSPHORUS into soluble compounds by various methods such as production of mineral and organic acids, proton production, and secretion of siderophore, chelation and production of phosphatase enzyme. In mineral soils containing large amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum phosphates, the production of mineral and organic acids and in organic soils the phosphatase enzymes are mostly effective. Genes encoding phosphate solubility have been isolated mainly from Erwiniaherbicola, Esherichia coli and Morgonellamorgani. Some of these genes include ushA, agp, cpdB and napA. Despite the existing problems, fortunately, good progress has been made in the field of genetic engineering of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms so that phosphate-solubilizing genes can be transferred to other bacteria. Due to the fact that soils contain both inorganic and organic compounds, it is recommended to use a microorganism with the ability to dissolve both organic and mineral compounds and a mixture of some microorganisms.